Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer
that occurs when B or T lymphocytes, the white blood cells that form a part of the immune system and help protect the body from infection and disease,
begin behaving abnormally. Abnormal lymphocytes may divide faster than
normal cells or they may live longer than they are supposed to. Lymphoma
may develop in many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs and eventually they form a mass of cells called a tumor. Tumors grow
and invade the space of surrounding tissues and organs, depriving them
of oxygen and nutrients.
There are two main types of lymphoma:
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): This type of lymphoma is most common
in middle aged or elderly people. NHL can occur in lymph nodes and/or
other organs that contain lymph tissue. The cancer may be located in one
place in your body, but often, it is located in multiple areas
throughout the body.This is because cancerous ("malignant") lymphocytes
often circulate throughout your body, just like normal lymphocytes. NHL
can be either "B-cell lymphoma" or "T-cell lymphoma," depending on which
type of lymphocyte becomes cancerous.There are over 40 different types
of NHL. Some types of NHL grow very quickly. Other types grow more
slowly.
- Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL): This type of lymphoma is most common
in young adults.The cancerous ("malignant") lymph nodes contain a
particular type of malignant lymphocyte, which is known as a
Reed-Sternberg cell.
Signs and Symptoms
- Lymphadenopathy or swelling of lymph nodes - It is the primary presentation in lymphoma.
- B Symptoms - Can be associated with both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It consists of fever, night sweats, weight loss.
- Other Symptoms : loss of appetite or anorexia, fatigue, respiratory distress or dyspnoea, itching.
Treatments
Biologic Therapy
This treatment increases your body's natural ability to fight cancer.
It does this by giving a boost to your immune system.There are several
kinds of biologic therapy:
- Monoclonal Antibodies: These are drugs like Rituxan®, which
directly target lymphoma cells and do not harm normal cells.These drugs
are sometimes called "smart drugs" or "guided missiles" because they
know exactly where to go in your body.
- Radioimmunotherapy: These are therapies like Rituxan®,
which have a radioisotope attached to them.These "guided missiles" are
able to destroy cancer cells because they attach to the lymphoma and
deliver small doses of medicine to the cells.
- Interleukin 2: This is a medicine that activates the immune system so that it can kill cancer cells.
- Vaccines: These are treatments that help the body protect itself against the lymphoma.
Chemotherapy ("Chemo")
This treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells and reduce the size of
cancer tumors. Chemotherapy drugs may also affect healthy cells and
cause side effects like hair loss or mouth sores.There are many types of
chemotherapy drugs. Many drugs are often used together for
chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy
This treatment uses radiation (high energy x-rays) to kill cancer
cells.The treatment often only takes place in the part of your body
where the lymphoma is located.
Transplants
Sometimes high doses of chemotherapy destroy the lymphoma cells and
your bone marrow, which is the "factory" for blood cells. To help your
bone marrow make new healthy blood cells, some stem cells (immature
cells that will grow up into red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets) may be taken with a special machine before chemotherapy is
given.
These cells are then transplanted (put back) into the body. These
transplanted cells will then find their way to the bone marrow and
restore it, so that it can build healthy new blood cells.
There are two types of transplants:
-
Autologous transplants- this uses your own bone marrow or stem cells.
-
Allogeneic transplants- this uses bone marrow or stem cells from a donor (someone else, often a brother or sister).
Watchful Waiting
This means that you do not have to get any active treatment now. But,
you may need to get treatments later, if tests show that your cancer is
growing. Watchful waiting is usually recommended only for people with
slow-growing lymphomas.
Rituximab
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody
against the protein CD20
, which is primarily found on the surface of B cells
.
Rituximab destroys B cells, and is therefore used to treat diseases
which are characterized by excessive numbers of B cells, overactive B
cells, or dysfunctional B cells. This includes many lymphomas, leukemias, transplant rejection and autoimmune disorders.
Nutrition and Supplement
- Try to eliminate potential food allergens,
including dairy, wheat (gluten), corn, soy, preservatives, and food
additives. Your health care provider may want to test for food
sensitivities.
- Eat antioxidant foods,
including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes) and
vegetables (such as kale, spinach, and peppers).
- Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
- Eat cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower).
- Use healthy oils in foods, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
- Reduce
or eliminate trans fatty acids, found in such commercially baked goods
as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts,
processed foods, and margarine.
- Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
- Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
- Exercise lightly, if possible.
dad went for a check up at polyclinic on monday morning due to his excessive loss of weight. doctor advised that he has 3 lows - red and white blood cells and platelets, and that his spleen is swollen. he was then referred to tan tock seng hospital and warded that very afternoon. after various scans, blood tests and preliminary bone marrow test, he is diagnosed with lymphoma yesterday. as there are many types of lymphoma and each has different course of treatment, we are waiting for a more detailed bone marrow result before doctor can choose the best treatment for dad.
thank you all who took time off to visit dad at the hospital for the past 5-6 days and earlier this afternoon. all the gifts, advice and help offered are very much appreciated.
 |
| hamper from management & staff of tanglin club |
 |
| cordyceps, strawberries and grapes from boss mary |
 |
| fruits basket from tanglin club boss |
|
|
|
 |
| lingzhi and cordyceps from cousin jennifer |
did not manage to snap pictures of all the food and fruits that were given but still, thank you all!
countdown to wedding day : 196